Luther Halsey Gulick Essay Research Paper Luther free essay sample

Luther Halsey Gulick Essay, Research Paper Luther Halsey Gulick # 8220 ; One of the most solitary characters to go forward an engraving upon YMCA physicaleducation was Luther Gulick # 8221 ; ( Johnson, 1979, 55 ) . Gulick, whose guardians were evangelists, was conceived in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1865. For 15 mature ages he voyaged widely in light of the fact that ofhis foundation as a child of evangelists. At last, in 1880, he had the option to decelerate his travelsand go to Oberlin College until 1884. While at Oberlin, he experienced concerns caused bypoor eyesight.Also during his stay at Oberlin, he lives with another remarkable physicaleducator, Thomas Wood who in this manner became well known at Stanford and Columbia andencountered Dr. Delphine Hanna, who was a taking trend-setter in grown-up females # 8217 ; s physical guidance. Inthe pre-winter of 1885, Gulick entered an in the middle of preliminary class, however adjacent to took some collegeclasses to cultivate his guidance. Not long after his stay at Oberlin, he went t o SargentSchool of Physical Training in Cambridge, Massachusetts for a time of a half year. We will compose a custom exposition test on Luther Halsey Gulick Essay Research Paper Luther or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In Aprilof 1886, he turned into the physical administrator of the YMCA in Jackson, Michigan, yet laterresigned to come in the Medical School of New York University. Gulick figured out how to indict hismedical arrangement design what's more execute his obligations as an educator at the YMCA inSpringfield, Massachusetts. In October 1887 Gulick was utilized by the InternationalCommittee on low maintenance balance to work as the universal secretary for physical work. Heheld this spot for 13 mature ages. At last in March of 1889, he finished his medicalprogram. In a similar twelvemonth, he was named the manager of the Springfield YMCA. In May1891 a paper read before the secretariat at a show in Kansas City, obviously expressed therole that physical guidance could play inside the model of perceived theologicalprocedure. Gulick stated, # 8220 ; Our physical guidance ought to be all around ; have reference tospiritual and mental becoming ; be educative and progres sive ; give every grown-up male what he independently requests and be intriguing. Our ordinary techniques are the pioneers # 8217 ; corps, thetraining class, and the connection of the physical to different areas of our work. # 8221 ; ( Johnson, 1979, 56 ) . In this equivalent twelvemonth, Gulick set up a correspondence class forphysical administrators. Gulick was impacted by Dr. G. Stanley Hall, a taking clinician ofhis cut and of Johns Hopkins University, to the beliefs of respectability and balance. In Gulick # 8217 ; sefforts to look for these goals, he attempted to achieve congruity, request, and parity in theelements of life. For the first clasp in quite a while calling, he showed a class in the psychologyof dramatization for athleticss mental science in 1899. While utilized at Springfield, his considerations of physicaleducation were originative, dynamic, and trial in its assault. Gulick was alwaysquick in making things and ever hastening about demonstrating new considerations and speculations and gettingrid of those that he discovered invalid. He accepted that the expectations of physical guidance wereto be better off through the use of competitory athleticss then again of working out. In 1903, he turned into the chief of physical guidance in Greater New York. During this clasp he wasinstumental in the arrangement of a regulation of physical guidance. Towards the terminal of hiscareer, he was a guide to the Spalding Brothers Company, who made hoopss, a chairmanof the War Work Council of the International Committee of the YMCA, and filled in as presidentfor both the American Physical Education Association and the Public School Physical Training Society. In August of 1918 at summer cantonment in South Casco, Maine, Luther Halsey Gulick passed on. His poorly planned expire cut off the calling of one of America # 8217 ; s most unique instructors andsocial laborers at a basic point in his calling. Bibliography1. Gulick, Luther H. ( 1920 ) . A Doctrine of Play. Charles Scribner # 8217 ; s Sons. 2. J ohnson, Elmer L. ( 1979 ) . The History of YMCA Physical Education. Follet Publishing.

Construction and De-construction of Race Essay

Races exist. They are wherever on the planet. In our history classes, we have examined the presence of Caucasians, Mongoloids, Negroes, and so forth. The individuals from each racial gathering have regular attributes that make them particular from different gatherings. In any case, in the mission to see better the human varieties across races, experts from different fields †medication, science, human studies, and so on †have directed investigations to demonstrate, or invalidate, the presence of races in the logical sense. In Modern Human Variation: An Introduction to Contemporary Human Biological Diversity , three models of human characterization were talked about. First is the typological model which â€Å"focuses on few qualities that are promptly detectable from a separation, for example, skin shading, hair structure, body assemble, and height. † Diamond (1994) offers truth to this, refering to that â€Å"all local Swedes vary from every single local Nigerian in appearance† and that one race can't be mixed up with the other. Nonetheless, Diamond likewise contended that â€Å"there are a wide range of, similarly substantial methodology for characterizing races, and those various strategies yield totally different groupings. † He further talked about different examinations in which the contrasting geological areas of people add to their changing human characteristics. Factors, for example, endurance and sexual choice, and a third conceivable clarification which is no capacity by any means, were considered in human order. Once more, irregularities of this hypothesis were later found, demonstrating confirmations that â€Å"among topical people groups, anthropologists love to pressure the brown complexions of African blacks, individuals of the southern Indian promontory, and New Guineans and love to overlook the pale skins of Amazonian Indians and Southeast Asians living at the equivalent latitudes† (Diamond, 2004). With these disputes, the typological model is negated. Then again, the populace model â€Å"looks for rearing populaces first and afterward considers the anatomical and physiological characteristics that may recognize them. † This implies investigating a solitary gathering where individuals mate just with individuals inside the gathering. A similar article talked about, notwithstanding, that with the generally helpful methods for intercontinental travel, intermixture of humankind has risen, in this manner making the populace model moderately questionable in the investigation of human variety today. The third model, the clinal model, â€Å"is dependent on the way that hereditarily acquired attributes frequently change bit by bit in recurrence starting with one geographic zone then onto the next. † With this system, the clinal model may appear to be the soundest hypothesis on human grouping. In any case, it can't be completely depended on since â€Å"the dispersion of certain qualities is somewhat discontinuous†¦ these can be comprehended as consequences of authentic movements or elite rearing inside pretty much shut networks. † We have attempted to develop races through logical examinations yet neglected to set up its accurate definition. This takes us back to again to the essence of our dispute. Do races exist? Indeed, they do. Individuals from everywhere throughout the world have been assembled dependent on their physical attributes, culture, religion, ethnicity, and different elements. Gatherings were given names with the goal that people can without much of a stretch recognize in which bunch they have a place. This is the manner by which lay people comprehend the word â€Å"race† today. The idea has been developed to fulfill the human requirement for request. Be that as it may, as Goodman (2005) puts it, â€Å"race is certainly not a negligible social develop, however as a lived experience has devastatingly genuine impacts. † The development of race prompted the rise of racial segregation, making some â€Å"races† accept prevalence over others. With this presumption, individuals of the â€Å"superior race† subsequently accepted control over the â€Å"minorities†. The political bit of leeway of the â€Å"superior race† gave path for them to acquire access to assets and riches. Separation further arrived at the social circle, with the â€Å"minorities† being marked as the â€Å"ugly† individuals since their physical qualities contrast, more often than not in the contrary way, from those of the â€Å"superior race†. Thinking back through world history, our books reveal to us accounts of some â€Å"races† (e. g. Africans) who were oppressed by the â€Å"superior races† during the prior occasions. At present, bigotry despite everything exists as partiality to certain â€Å"races† that have been summed up to have certain qualities. In Asia, the revolt of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) has caused bias against Muslims in many pieces of the world, summing up these individuals as fear based oppressors. As needs be, the social development of races have exacted various, and maybe even millions, of occurrences of social treachery around the world. Of course, consolidating the clinal and populace models, Keita et al (2004) battle that â€Å"the nonexistence of ‘races’ or subspecies in present day people doesn't block generous hereditary variety that might be restricted to districts or populaces. † The creators refered to an ongoing report on the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human genome, which can â€Å"make measurable differentiations conceivable even inside confined areas, for example, Scandinavia. † It was anyway explained that â€Å"because this distinguishing proof is potential doesn't imply that there is a degree of separation equivalent to ‘races’. † We can't absolutely nullify the logical investigations led and right now being directed on human natural variety. These examinations, as in the perspective of Keita et al have arrangement suggestions for wellbeing considers. While Keita et al advocate for increasingly refined and nitty gritty investigation on human natural variety, Goodman is likewise bolstered in his situation to â€Å"call for another jargon and concepts† to examine the equivalent. Along these lines, the broadly known idea of race might be de-built. Distinction in skin shading, hair structure, body fabricate, religion, culture, ethnicity, and others, doesn't make an individual to a lesser extent a human, and as such these attributes ought not be viewed as hindrances to social equity.

Elizabeths Search For a Hero - Literature Essay Samples

In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen creates her protagonist, Elizabeth Bennet, to be a strikingly unconventional female with respect to her time. Elizabeth tends to relate less to her female companions, and instead needs to define herself by her surrounding males. Therefore, her relationships with the men in the novel reflect her continual search for an ideal figure of social respectability. Elizabeth begins the novel feeling a close affinity to her father who is, in comparison, more civilized than her ignorant, materialistic mother. But when higher society, namely Mr. Darcy, enters her life, revealing the impropriety of her family and slighting her as well, Elizabeth is forced to look for a hero who is not only refined, but who will also redeem her dignity. She thinks she finds such a person in Wickham. Mr. Darcy, the most well-bred of all, only becomes Elizabeths final hero when he exposes Wickhams deceit and ceases to patronize her and exposes his love and respect for her. Consequently, while propriety may seem to be the basis of Elizabeths pursuit for a hero, the underlying determinant of her search is her own pride.Mr. Bennets role as Elizabeths hero appears to stem from Elizabeths desire to stray from her loutish mother and several frivolous sisters from which he offers a seemingly decorous alternative. However, more importantly, he favors Elizabeth, which lifts her self-esteem and strengthens her attachment to him. In comparison to Mrs. Bennet who has but a mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper (Austen 4), all of which are demeaning and socially undesirable characteristics, Mr. Bennets quick parts,reserve, and caprice are quite an improvement on the propriety scale. For instance, while Mrs. Bennet comically dwells on the shallow details of her daughters prospective marriages, Mr. Bennet watches, amused, which Elizabeth finds less embarrassing than the forwardness of her mother. Still, the strongest influence is Mr. Benne ts favoritism toward Elizabeth. When he and his wife discuss visiting Mr. Bingley as a promising son-in-law, Mr. Bennet insists that he must throw in a good word for [his] little Lizzy (Austen 44). By only taking special notice of Elizabeth, not only does he think Elizabeth is most qualified to be Mr. Bingleys wife, but he also shows the endearment with which he regards her by calling her my little Lizzy. Mr. Bennet may be the most civil of Elizabeths family, but his preference towards Elizabeth is what really establishes him as Elizabeths hero at the beginning of the novel.However, when Darcy offends Elizabeth and indicates that her family lacks refinery, she needs to find an alternative hero whom she perceives is at the same level of social mannerism as Darcy in order to counteract the damage that Darcy has done to her ego. Elizabeth finds such a man in Wickham. At the Meryton ball, when Bingley suggests that Darcy dance with Elizabeth, he condescendingly says that Elizabeth is not handsome enough to temp [him] (Austen 9). Furthermore, Darcy obviously makes her feel conscious and subordinate because of the misdemeanors of her family, on occasion causing Elizabeth [to] tremble lest her mother should be exposing herself again (Austen 31). In turn, Elizabeth is eager to accept and idolize Wickham because they are united by a common dislike for Mr. Darcy, making her also quick to ignore any of his suspicious faults that she later identifies. She readily believes in Wickhams refinement and dwells longer on the ideas he feeds to her to reassure her pride. Wickham portrays Darcy as the improper one of the two, calling him an ill-tempered man with high and imposing manners (Austen 53). Wickham continues by telling an extremely personal story that makes him seem like he has a countenance [that] may vouch for [his] being amiable (Austen 54), which she accepts without a doubt. Because of her extreme need for self-assurance after Darcy injures her pride, Eliz abeth is quick to insert Wickham as her hero. She leaves her first real encounter with Wickham with her head full of him (Austen 56) not because he feigns an air of respectability that surpasses her fathers and supposedly equals Darcys, but mostly because he restores her dignity in their first real interaction.For Elizabeth, who has already established Wickham as her hero, the contents of Darcys letter come as a complete shock. They contradict all the values she thinks Wickham has that make him her hero, and instead attribute them to Darcy, whom she despises. However, Darcys letter does not just deride Elizabeth and destroy her expectations of Wickham; it actually paves the road for Darcy to become Elizabeths hero, for in the letter he shows his extreme regard for her. The only reason for Elizabeths animosity towards Darcy in the first place was his display of disrespect towards her upon their first meeting. In his letter, Darcy makes it clear that while he can find defects in [Elizabeths] nearest relations (Austen 131), he esteems her by considerately saying that it pains [him] to offend [her] (Austen 131). Afterwards, the letter reveals the real story of Mr. Darcy and Wickham, proving Mr. Darcy to be the giving and generous man. She is much more willing to accept this idea because her pride is no longer in the way of her possible amiable feelings for him. After reading the letter and knowing Darcys admiration and love for her, their further encounters only strengthen Elizabeths reverence of Mr. Darcy as her hero. Elizabeth is pleasantly surprised by the way Darcy treats her aunt and uncle, the Gardiners with manners so little dignified (Austen 164), modest gentleness (Austen 164), and the greatest civility (Austen 165). In addition, Darcy further solidifies his position as Elizabeths hero later on in the novel when he generously bribes Wickham to marry Lydia. Even though Darcy is of the highest class and therefore highest social respectability, h e only becomes Elizabeths hero when she can maintain her sense of pride with him.To a certain extent, Elizabeths search for a hero throughout Pride and Prejudice is based upon her quest for the epitome of social respectability with whom she can associate and identify herself. However, Darcy has been of the highest social class from the beginning of the novel, and Elizabeths original dislike of him because of his disparaging behavior shows how her pride is the final determinant of whom she considers her hero. Her father starts off as her hero because he is most civil of her family, but also because he elevates Elizabeth, believing her to be the smartest of all his daughters. Elizabeths hero shifts to Mr. Wickham once she needs to uplift her ego from the damage Darcy does to it by demeaning both her and her family. Yet, once Darcy shows Elizabeth the good qualities of his character, and most importantly his love and respect for her, she does not hesitate to make him her final hero . Even though Elizabeth appears to be an individualistic woman, her independence is only in comparison to the other women of the novel. Her constant pursuit for a hero attests to her need for a male figure to attach herself to in order to define herself in a social context. Most importantly however, Elizabeth has a desire for the respect and approval of her male companion as well, making her pride an important factor in her search for her hero. Darcy fulfills Elizabeths two needs with his social standing as well as his love and adoration for her. Therefore, Elizabeth is, in conclusion, not as much individualistic as she is eccentric, for instead of being molded by the social ideals of a woman, she seeks out the ideal male influence to identify her.

Fennec Fox Facts (Vulpes zerda)

The fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) is known for its huge ears and diminutive size. It is the smallest member of the canid (dog) family. Whether the fennec truly belongs in the genus Vulpes is debated because it has fewer chromosome pairs than other fox species, lives in packs while other foxes are solitary, and has different scent glands. Sometimes fennec foxes are known by the scientific name Fennecus zerda. Its common name comes from the Berber-Arabic word fanak, which means fox. Fast Facts: Fennec Fox Scientific Name: Vulpes zerdaCommon Names: Fennec fox, fennecBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 9.5-16 inch body plus a 7-12 inch tailWeight: 1.5-3.5 poundsLifespan: 10-14 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: North Africa and the Sahara DesertPopulation: StableConservation Status: Least Concern Description The fennec foxs most distinctive feature is its large ears, which may measure 6 inches. The ears help the fox identify prey at night and dissipate heat during the day. The fox is small, with a body ranging from 9 to 16 inches in length, plus a bushy 7 to 12 inch tail. Adults weigh between 1.5 and 3.5 pounds. The fennecs thick coat is cream-colored with a black-tipped tail. The fluffy coat insulates the fox against temperatures that range from below freezing at night to over 100 F during the day. Fur covers their paws, protecting them from getting burned by hot sand and improving traction on shifting dunes. Fennec foxes lack musk glands found in other fox species, but have glands on their tail tips that produce a musky odor when the fox is startled. Habitat and Distribution Fennec foxes live in North Africa and Asia. They range from Morocco to Egypt, south to northern Niger, and east to Israel and Kuwait. The foxes are most at home in sand dunes, but they will live where soil is compacted, too. Diet Foxes are omnivores. Fennec foxes are nocturnal hunters that use their sensitive ears to detect the movement of small underground prey. They eat rodents, insects, birds and their eggs, and also fruit and other plants. Fennecs will drink free water, but dont require it. They get their water from food, plus digging in the ground causes dew formation that the animals can lick. Behavior Fennec foxes communicate using a wide variety of sounds, including a purr resembling that of a cat. Males mark territory with urine. Other fox species are mostly solitary, but fennec foxes are highly social. The basic social unit is a mated pair and their offspring for the present and previous year. The group lives in elaborate dens dug into sand or compacted soil. Fennec fox kits are born with closed eyes and folded ears. Floridapfe / Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Fennec foxes mate once a year in January and February and give birth in March and April. Gestation typically lasts between 50 and 52 days. The female or vixen gives birth in the den to a litter of one to four kits. A birth, the kits eyes are closed and its ears are folded over. Kits are weaned by 61 to 70 days of age. The male feeds the female while she is caring for the young. Fennec foxes reach sexual maturity around nine months of age and mate for life. They have an average life expectancy of 14 years in captivity and are believed to live about 10 years in the wild. Conservation Status The IUCN classifies fennec fox conservation status as least concern. The foxes are still abundant within most of their range, so the population may be stable. The species is listed under CITES Appendix II to help protect the foxes from international trade abuse. Threats The foxs most significant natural predator is the eagle owl. Fennecs are hunted for fur and trapped for the pet trade. But, the most significant threat comes from human settlement and commercialization of the Sahara. Many foxes are killed by vehicles, plus they may suffer habitat loss and degradation. Some people keep fennec foxes as pets. petrenkod / Getty Images Fennec Foxes and Humans The fennec fox is the national animal of Algeria. In some places, its legal to keep fennec foxes as pets. While not truly domesticated, they can be tamed. Like other foxes, they can dig under or climb over most enclosures. Most canine vaccinations are safe for fennecs. Although nocturnal by nature, fennec foxes (like cats) adapt to human schedules. Sources Alderton, David. Foxes, Wolves, and Wild Dogs of the World. London: Blandford, 1998. ISBN 081605715X.Nobleman, Marc Tyler. Foxes. Benchmark Books (NY). pp. 35–36, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7614-2237-2.Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffman, Michael; Mech, Dave. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. World Conservation Union. pp. 208–209, 2004. ISBN 978-2-8317-0786-0.Wacher, T., Bauman, K. Cuzin, F. Vulpes zerda. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T41588A46173447. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41588A46173447.en

Gandhi, All Human Beings Are Equal - 1297 Words

Gandhi, all human beings are equal. Dr Mahindra shouts in The Old Woman and the Cow condemning people deviating from Gandhi’s path of indiscrimination: â€Å"I am talking of something else. I am not blaming you. I am blaming your Dharma – according to Jwala Prasad you are immoral if you do not pay the interest on debt. To be sure, these hypocrites and the priests are together – Brahmin dogs! In one village the pure, pure Hindus have turned out all the untouchables. And this happens in our own raj. All those white caps, Gone is Gandhi’s Dharma?† (Anand1981: 225). According to him, the real spirit of all religions is inclusiveness. Bakha†¦show more content†¦In Coolie, the have-nots suffer the worst during the Hindu-Muslim riots. A mere thought of the communal riots distresses Munoo and â€Å" . . . he gazed at the ruined fortresses, c astles, shrines and Mausoleums, which dug their heels into the barren earth among the gnarled roots of trees, cactus and wild shrubs, fuming with shimmering smoke without burning the hateful glare of the all consuming sun† (Anand 1936: 147). The message Anand wishes to impart is what Puran Singh professes in The Big Heart: â€Å"If there is anything which has accrued to me through my pilgrimage of the world it is the belief that I must help to change the present order built on profit; that I must devote myself entirely to the poor† (Anand 1945: 143). Anand wants to remove poverty and false beliefs by spreading awareness in the superstition ridden society. â€Å"Even in a random reading of Anand’s novels, the reader becomes immediately aware of such issues as the tyranny of the caste-system, its injustice, and its social, moral and economic consequences, class conflicts, exploitation of various kinds of the poor by the rich, quest for identity, search for freedom , etc. Under colonial rule, a number of social and economic changes took place and as a result a feudal society was gradually transformed into a capitalistic one. The class system in India has turned out to be a new kind of caste-system. It is built on the cash nexus on which itShow MoreRelatedMahatma Gandhi And Nelson Mandela1447 Words   |  6 PagesIf Mahatma Gandhi never inspired Nelson Mandela to fulfill his vision for human rights, would Nelson Mandela have inspired Barack Obama to continue that legacy? 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Urban Redevelopment

Question: Write an essay on Urban Redevelopment. Answer: Urban redevelopment is the rehabilitation or urban areas by replacement of old buildings with better houses, parks, roads, industrial areas according to comprehensive plans. During this renewal, major impacts on landscapes occur, playing a part in the history of cities (Wang, 2010). Further, there is business relocation, destruction of structures and displacement of people during this renewal. Redevelopment involves coming up with better pedestrian zones, making better use of the underutilized regions of the city by integrating them into a citys history. In addition, it involves renovation of sidewalks, integration of business activities and residential, afforestation and increasing the number of security lights (Wang, 2010). Australia having the highest population growth level among developed nations put pressure to housing, health and transport infrastructure. Sustainable development has been an issue of concern in this country in order to improve the living standards of the citizens. Coming up with the appropriate policies of carrying out urban development without affecting low income earners is therefore a pressing need to Australia. According to Downs, A. (2009), the challenge is coming up with viable cities incorporating transformation projects and properly planned infrastructure at the same time bringing up social and economic development. Discussed in this paper are the policy recommendations necessary for urban redevelopment without raising house rent that results to displacement of low income earners in Australia. Trueventus urban renewal Australia Trueventus urban renewal Australia is a strategic framework and discussion platform with the aim of shipping the Australian urban renewal policy in creating a sustainable city. Government representatives, policy makers, investors and other key decision makers are coming together to address the issue (Wang, 2010).The government has the duty of coming up with policies which safeguard the quality and ensure affordable housing such that its citizens despite their income level can easily access housing(Wang, 2010). A multifaceted strategy addressing housing challenges is necessary to achieve this objective. Importantly the government should ensure affordability of the houses where the low income earners reside. Protection policy In order to protect the people from rising rents, the government should come up with a protection policy. Good cause eviction policy is one way to protect the tenants as it ensures they are not evicted without a good reason (Berry, 2003). As much as it does not protect those who cannot afford rent it reduces indiscriminate evictions, allowing residents to adjust to rent hike. In addition residents get more time to get alternative housing. The owner is required to issue a good reason for eviction such as failure to pay rent and intentional destruction of the unit. Again for the purpose of protecting low income earners the government should come up with clear processes for filling petitions as well as penalties for landlords who unfairly evict tenants. In addition vulnerable groups such as pregnant woman and the elderly should be protected from no fault evictions (Wang, 2010). Condominium Conversion Protection Condominium conversion protection serves as a policy which protects the renters from their rental units being converted into condominiums and sold to other renters. In addition it solves the issue of inadequate rentals to the low income earners. Residents should be issued with up to three years notice before conversion even giving them a chance to buy a unit before selling it to new residents, saving financially capable residents from displacement. Condo conversion protections also requires that the owner pays a fee that is directed to affordable housing to minimize the impacts of reduced rental housing brought about by condo conversion. A lottery which restricts the number of convertible buildings annually should also be established as a means of preventing displacement. The residents have the right of first refusal against the owner selling the entire building which can lead to the transfer of ownership to a person who is ready to preserve the building for rental purposes affordabl y. Give Density Bonuses Another policy applicable in Australia to increase affordability of housing amidst urban redevelopment is the policy of density bonuses (Shaw, 2004). Under this land owners receive a bonus such as to build more units than the allowed ones if they agree to make a certain portion of the unit affordable to low income earners. In another approach of the density bonus policy, owners are allowed to develop their property beyond existing zoning specifications (Shaw, 2004). In return they make sure a share of the new residential is affordable to low income earners. The owner can also receive financial assistance for development from the community with a promise of including affordable units in the development. In addition the government should mobilize initiative from volunteers to build affordable houses in favor for the low income earners as a moral persuasion. The government may give landlords who consent to the moral persuasion a land tax holiday or tax cuts as incentives (Shaw, 2004). Rent Stabilization Notably rent stabilization is a practical strategy to prevent displacement and rent hike. The strategy ensures that rent can only be increased by a specific amount annually making it easy for those unable to adjust to sudden rent rise. In addition rent stabilization policy assist renters to select a house based on their anticipated income for the future. Mandatory inclusion zoning is another strategy addressing housing needs of the low income earners, (Lees, 2008). The requirement of this policy is that developers should make a portion of the newly developed units affordable. According to this policy about 10 to 20% of the new unit should be affordable to individuals at a certain income levels. For effectiveness the policy should be adopted prior to the development (Lees, 2008). Tax Increment Financing According to Zukin (2007), tax increment financing is a strategy for financing infrastructure plus other public improvements the government should use to reduce the negative externalities caused by tax burden on land owners. Tax increment financing raises the capability to maintain a low but steady rental increments. It includes funding for investments such as sidewalks, electricity bills and water expenses. Therefore, communities are able to pay increments on property taxation. Zukin. (2007) explains that the policy can be used for other purposes such as pooling funds for affordable housing as well as prioritizing cheap home ownership. Linkage Fees Program Linkage fees program is a mechanism where the government generates funding for affordable housing in places undergoing redevelopment (Zukin, 2007). It does so by asserting a fee to nonresidential developments and spends the money to come up with affordable housing. Hotels, manufacturing facilities are examples of the nonresidential developments that raise the funds. Justification of this fee is in the fact that in areas with both residential and nonresident developers, competing for land, land value rises as well as housing challenge. This is in contrary to areas where developmental and non-residential are not in direct competition. Further, the initiative of funding nonresidential development can foster neighborhood change through creation of amenities that attract extra charges and higher income earners who want to reside near their workplaces (Zukin, 2007). In return rent and home value increase tremendously which explains the justification for linkage fee and promotes fair sharin g between the nonresidential developers and the commercial developers (Zukin, 2007). According to Davidson. (2008) Linkage fees also acts as a solution for the imbalance caused by the job housing ratio where commercial developers outpace affordable housing in a certain neighborhood. Commercial projects, offices and parks increase demand for affordable houses whose members are workers in this businesses. Imbalance between demand and supply for affordable units raise rent hence distorting the peaceful existing of the neighborhood. Linkage fee policy has several purposes such as determining how and who benefits from the fee. In the linkage fee program, communities decide a balance between the amount of funds to be raised and the economic development to foster. Increasing costs discourages commercial development (Zukin, 2007). Housing Trust Funds Notably, housing trust funds is a practical policy in reducing housing coats and minimize displacement. The policy works to generate and bring together financial resources to promote housing development and support local government departments to maintain affordable housing for the low income earners. Societies that establish new funding incentives, an example of tax increment financing can come up with a housing trust fund that prioritizes on expenditures. In addition the policy can be financed through revenue bonds, real estate transfer of taxes and taxes collected from building improvements. Housing trust funds have the advantage of flexibility which allow communities come up with initiatives that meet the needs of the society. Further, the policy can be used for preservation and growth of homebuyer assistance programs and promotion of ongoing rental subsidies, (Lees, 2008). Targeting Local Housing Resources Targeting federal, state and local housing resources is important in promoting affordable housing. The initiative uses Home and Community Development Block Grants that assist in funds distributing to ensure equality in the community by giving equal weights to applications from all individuals. The policy makes the decision on whether and how to come up with the allocation target for the resources in the community Boddy, M. (2007). Importantly, recognition of societys decision on grant allocation and available funds outdoes the impact on the production of affordable rent rates, due to the federal decision on raising the funding through the low Income Housing tax credit. Communities have a chance to increase their allocation if they are willing and have the capability to control the funds. Tax Incentives According to Atkinson, R. (2004) Local and state tax incentives should be used to encourage maintenance of existing affordable housing. Tax incentives, promote housing goals such as development of affordable taxes, lower property tax rates and a longer period of tax payment. Credit facilities should be offered in cases of property underutilization which promotes development through the raised tax rate for land improvements. Tax incentives foster development without a specified population target but with a great emphasis on the requirements needed to meet the tax objectives. The government should use tax to stimulate development projects if they lead to increased affordable housing. In addition, the tax policies should specifically aim at promoting affordable units in the allocated neighborhoods (Lees, 2008). Parking Incentives In reference to Lees. (2008), the government should as well make use of parking incentives in creating affordable shelter for the people of Sydney. Parking incentives policy aims at motivating development without increasing the cost and space required. Reducing parking requirements for residential developers, reduces the cost of production, hence increasing the availability of affordable housing. This would particularly be applicable for Sydney with its large population and high land costs. Like other incentives, parking incentives promotes different kinds of development (Freeman et al, 2004). Hence, the government must specify the target population that benefits from the new units. In addition, the incentive should consider raising developmental units without expanding the parking space. Yet, as the population density raises, parking space tightens, reducing transit space which raises concern as to whether parking supply is a sufficient strategy. Expedited Permitting Accordingly, the government should enhance expedited permitting, which is important in cost reduction associated with delays and red tapes in permits acquisition. According to Weber, R. (2002) Time is an important factor and therefore long durations of obtaining building permits or approvals could cause a great deal of efficiency. Expedited permitting can reduce development costs by coming up with clearer and shorter permit processes such as online fees payment and automated payments. Communities should clearly differentiate between requirements and development needs to receive expedited permitting. For those who chose expedited permitting policy, parallel processes should be put in place to ensure affordable and new developments (Berry, 2003). Impact Fees Impact fees is another incentive the government can use to the advantage of low income earners as far as housing is concerned. According to Berry. (2003), it is designed as a onetime charge to cater for development project such as waterlines, schools and pathways. In reference to Berry .(2003),through cutting this fees, new development projects for affordable housing can foster incentives to lower costs even further. Summary To summarize, bearing in mind the consequences that come along with poor housing, the government has a large pool of choices to pick from to ensure affordable housing. The mentioned incentives are especially a shortcut in fighting this challenge. A combination of the incentives would be far more efficient not only to promote affordable housing but also to maintain the housing. If anyone is to be productive out there, then it begins from a comfortable home. References Atkinson, R. (2004). The evidence on the impact of gentrification: new lessons for the urban renaissance?. European Journal of Housing Policy, 4(1), 107-131. Berry, M. (2003). Why is it important to boost the supply of affordable housing in Australiaand how can we do it?. Urban Policy and Research, 21(4), 413-435. Boddy, M. (2007). Designer neighbourhoods: new-build residential development in nonmetropolitan UK citiesthe case of Bristol. Environment and Planning A, 39(1), 86-105. Davidson, M. (2008). Spoiled mixture: where does state-ledpositive'gentrification end?. Urban Studies, 45(12), 2385-2405. Downs, A. (1981). Neighborhoods and urban development. Brookings Institution Press. Freeman, L., Braconi, F. (2004). Gentrification and displacement New York City in the 1990s. Journal of the American Planning Association, 70(1), 39-52. Lees, L. (2008). Gentrification and social mixing: towards an inclusive urban renaissance?. Urban Studies, 45(12), 2449-2470. Randolph, B., Holloway, D. (2005). The suburbanization of disadvantage in Sydney: new problems, new policies. Opolis, 1(1). Shaw, K. (2004). Local limits to gentrification. Gentrification in a global context, 172. Wang, Y. P., Murie, A. (2000). Social and spatial implications of housing reform in China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(2), 397-417. Weber, R. (2002). Extracting value from the city: neoliberalism and urban redevelopment. Antipode, 34(3), 519-540. Wu, F. (2004). Residential relocation under market-oriented redevelopment: the process and outcomes in urban China. Geoforum, 35(4), 453-470. Shaw, K. (2004). Local limits to gentrification. Gentrification in a global context, 172. Swyngedouw, E., Moulaert, F., Rodriguez, A. (2002). Neoliberal urbanization in Europe: largescale urban development projects and the new urban policy. Antipode, 34(3), 542-577. Zukin, S. (2007). Gentrification: culture and capital in the urban core. Annual Review of Sociology, 129-147.

Uncletomscabin Essays - Lost Films, Red River Of The South

Uncletom'scabin Analysis of Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe ?The book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, is thought of as a fantastic, even fanatic, representation of Southern life, most memorable for its emotional oversimplification of the complexities of the slave system,? says Gossett (4). Harriet Beecher Stowe describes her own experiences or ones that she has witnessed in the past through the text in her novel. She grew up in Cincinnati where she had a very close look at slavery. Located on the Ohio River across from the slave state of Kentucky, the city was filled with former slaves and slaveholders. In conversation with black women who worked as servants in her home, Stowe heard many stories of slave life that found their way into the book. Some of the novel was based on her reading of abolitionist books and pamphlets, the rest came straight from her own observations of black Cincinnatians with personal experience of slavery. She uses the characters to represent popular ideas of her time, a time when slavery was the biggest issue that people were dea ling with. Uncle Tom's Cabin was an unexpected factor in the dispute between the North and South. The book sold more than 300,000 copies during the first year of publication, taking thousands of people by surprise. Mr. Shelby is a Kentucky plantation owner who is forced by debt to sell two of his slaves to a trader named Haley. Uncle Tom, the manager of the plantation, understands why he must be sold. The other slave marked for sale is Harry, a four-year-old. His mother, Mrs. Shelby's servant, Eliza, overhears the news and runs away with the little boy. She makes her way up to the Ohio River, the boundary with the free state of Ohio. In Ohio, Eliza is sheltered by a series of kind people. At a Quaker settlement, she is reunited with her husband, George Harris. George's master abused him even though George was intelligent and hard-working, and he had decided to escape. The couple is not safe even in the North, though. They are followed by Marks and Loker, slave-catchers in partnership with the trader, Haley. They make there way up to Sandusky, so that they can catch a ferry for Canada, where slavery is forbidden and American laws do not apply. Meanwhile, Uncle Tom is headed down the river, deepe r into slavery. On the boat, he makes friends with Eva St. Clare, a beautiful and religious white child. After Tom rescues Eva from near drowning, Eva's father, Augustine St. Clare, buys him. Life in the household is carefree. Another person living in the house is Ophelia, St. Clare's cousin from Vermont who just moved to New Orleans. She and Augustine argue long and hard about slavery, he defending it, and she opposing it. Augustine buys Topsy for Ophelia to raise, in order to test her theories about education. Topsy is bright and energetic, but has no sense of right and wong. Ophelia is almost ready to give up on her when little Eva shows her how to reach Topsy. Tom and Eva study the Bible together and share a belief in a loving God. But Eva becomes ill and dies. Her death, and her example, transforms the lives of many of the people around her. Even her father becomes more religious. Unfortunately he is accidentally killed before he can fulfill his promise to Eva to free Tom, and Tom is sold again. This time Tom is not so lucky. He is bought by Simon Legree, the owner of an isolated plantation on the Red River. Legree is cruel, and his plantation is a living hell for his slaves. They are worked so hard that they have no time to think or feel, and Legree sets them against each other. Tom almost loses his faith in God, but recovers it and continues his work among the other slaves. He becomes friends with Cassy, a good but despairing woman who has been Legree's mistress. Cassy arranges for her and Emmeline, the girl who has been chosen as Legree's next mistress, to escape, and she urges Tom to join them. He will not, but he allows himself to be brutally beaten by Legree rather than reveal what